Study of Ionosphere Irregularities over the Iberian Peninsula during Two Moderate Geomagnetic Storms Using GNSS and Ionosonde Observations

Studies on the irregularities of ionosphere during disturbed geomagnetic conditions are fundamental to understanding complex dynamics taking place in upper atmosphere. In this work, different data sources used study effects two moderate storms, 26–27 February 2014 and 17–18 September 2021, over Iberian Peninsula. Data obtained from digital ionosondes Spain, Italy Greece; Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived Total Electron Content (TEC) Rate Of TEC Index (ROTI) several receiver stations Portugal Morocco; UPC Quarter-of-an-hour time resolution Rapid GIM (UQRG), vertical global maps (GIMs), produced at 15 min intervals by Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC, Spain). This analysis showed that, spread-F high values ROTI, indicating presence irregularities, found a very localized area (Southern Peninsula northwest Africa) local times (night-time). However, no eastwards northwards location indicated. We propose some possible explanations for these observations both one them related position Equatorial Ionosphere Anomaly (EIA) other attributed Perkins’ instabilities.